AN ASSESSMENT OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES IN GBOKO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF BENUE STATE: A CASE STUDY OF YANDEV, TSE-KUCHA AND TSE-AMUA

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES IN GBOKO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF BENUE STATE: A CASE STUDY OF YANDEV, TSE-KUCHA AND TSE-AMUA BY JACOB YOL 08123463845 MARCH, 2014 ABSTRACT This research setsto assess the socio-economic consequences of industrial pollution from Benue Cement on the host communities, using Yandev, Tse-kucha and Tse-Amua of Gboko local government as a case study. The major objectives of the study include; to assess the socio-economic consequences of industrial pollution on the host communities in Gboko local government area, as well as suggest possible ways of solving these problems. The study employed descriptive survey design and data was collected using questionnaires and interview methods. Questionnaires were distributed to a total sample of 120 respondents which were selected for the study using cluster, sampling technique. The finding shows that industry is the major factor affecting the socio-economic development of the people in Yandev, Tse-kucha and Tse-Amua communities. It is therefore recommended that, the hygienic treatment of all disposable chemicals of all necessity. More so, the federal and state government alike should ensure the strict compliance to the policies regulating the disposal of waste by industries and penalties to be imposed on violations. In addition, scholarship should be made available to indigenes to enable them educate themselves enough to gain employments in such organizations in order for them to take care of themselves. TABLE OF CONTENT Title page…………………………………………………………………………i Table of Contents………………………………………………………………ii List of Tables………………………………………………………………….iii Abstract……………………………………………………………………….iv CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study……………………………………………1 1.2 Statement of Research Problem……………………………………3 1.3 Objectives of the Study……………………………………………….5 1.4 Research Questions……………………………………………………5 1.5 Significance of the Study……………………………………………..6 1.6 Scope of the Study……………………………………………………..7 1.7 Definition of Terms…………………………………………………….7 CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………….9 2.2 The Concept of Industrial Pollution…………………………………9 2.3 Incidences of Industrial Pollution………………………………….10 2.4 The Health Implications of Industrial Pollution………………13 2.5 Social Consequence of Industrial Pollution……………...........17 2.6 The Economic Consequences of Industrial Pollution….........20 2.7 Government Laws and Policies Guiding Industrial Pollution in Nigeria………………………………………………….....23 2.8 Theoretical Framework……………………………………………...39 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………47 3.2 Location of Study…………………………………………………….48 3.3 Sampling Procedure………………………………………………...48 3.4 Instruments of Data Collection…………………………………..50 3.5 Methods of Data Analysis………………………………………….51 CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS 4.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………..53 4.2 Demographic Data of Respondents……………………………..53 4.3 Socio-Economic Consequences of Industrial Pollution…….58 4.4 Discussion of Findings…………………………………………….63 CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………..67 5.2 Summary………………………………………………………………67 5.3 Conclusion……………………………………………………………68 5.4 Recommendations…………………………………………………..69 REFERENCES……………………………………………………….72 APPENDIX…………………………………………………………….74   LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Age Distribution of Respondents……………………………54 Table 2: Sex Distribution of Respondents………………………..54 Table 3: Educational Qualification of Respondents……………….55 Table 4: Occupational Distribution of Respondents………………56 Table 5: Duration of time respondents have lived in the Community…………………………………………………..57 Table 6: Respondents Perception about Industrial Pollution……58 Table 7: The Respondent’s Opinion on the Impact of Industrial Pollution from Benue Cement Industry on the Social Life of the Community Residents……………………………59 Table 8: Respondents Opinion of the Impact of Industrial Pollution from Benue Cement Industry on the Economic Life of the Community Residents…………….61 Table 9: Respondents Opinion on the Organization Treatment of Those Affected by Industrial Pollution Related Disease in the Host Communities…………………………………………62 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study The establishment of any industry is basically and essentially to create wealth for the purpose of development and the provision of social and economic amenities, all this is aimed at the well-being and advancement of mankind. It is in such regard that the Benue Cement Industry was established in Tse-Kucha,Gboko Local Government area of Benue State. The establishment of the industry, as laudable as it may be, has created problems to the area within which it is located (Tse-Kucha, Tse-Amua and Yandev) as a result of cement dust emission. It is on this basis that the research is set up. The study intends to identify future state of the environment, considering the changes resulting from the natural events and those of the human activities. Chadwick(1999) state that “the environmental impacts of a project are those resultant changes in the environmental parameters in space and time, compared with that which could have happened, had the project not been undertaken. These parameters according to him are those environmental receptors noted previously such as air, water quality, noise and the level of crime and unemployment”. Environmental resources are hardly replaced once destroyed, it may be possible to compensate for or reconstruct most of them in few cases however, situations are rarely ideal while some may be lost forever- as well. Although project like this (Benue Cement) may be assessed as bringing a lot of benefits, therefore, while one group benefits the other is adversely affected because no impact evenly affects two parties in a situation. It is therefore, with the background of the economic and health issues of the residents around where Benue Cement Industry is located that this study soughts to identify the effect of cement dust and its accumulation on crops, water sources, houses and air on the residents of the host communities. It is also worth to note that man’s quest to proffer solutions to problem, create new ones, the cause for this research is as a result of man’s quest for development. This research is therefore set out to examine or assess the socio- economic consequences of industrial pollution in the society, specifically to some selected areas in Gboko Local Government Area of Benue state. 1.2 Statement of Research Problem Industries and factories, whether private or government owned, engage in production activities for the purpose of gaining profit. This however, endangers human health and the environment. Government in recent times beginning from the federal down to the local level have been adopting ways of fighting against the effects of industrial pollution. Also, the federal and state government set up bodies and programmes and annually recruits men into the bodies and programmes to reduce the effects of industrial pollution in the society. More worrisome is the seemingly unrealistic and inefficiency of these organizations in the reduction of industrial pollution inspite of huge government expenditure on environmental maintenance like (BENSESA) Benue State Environmental Sanitation Authority among others. One would observe that, as more strategies are devised by the government to tackle the issue of industrial pollution, so too are the persistent increase of industrial pollution as a result of the increased number of industries in the society. The media on daily basis broadens our knowledge about the increasing cases of industrial pollution within Yandev, Tsekucha and Tse-Amua areas in Gboko Local Government Area of Benue State. Benue Cement Industry, whose establishment in Gboko local government area has created a lot of problems to the host communities(Yandev, Tse-Kucha and Tse-Amua) between 1981when it was established till date (2012) a lots of cement dust has been emitted into the environment there by affecting the socio- economic activities of the host communities. Much precipitated by the above ugly scenario, the attention of this research here is to assess the socio-economic consequences of industrial pollution on the host communities in Gboko Local government area and to proffer possible solutions in curbing industrial pollution in Yandev, Tse-Kucha and Tse-Amua in Gboko local government area of Benue State. 1.3 Objectives of the Study The primary aim of this research is to assess the socio- economic consequences of industrial pollution on the host communities in Gboko local government area. 1) The study is aimed at examining the social challenges faced by the host communities in Gboko local government area as a result of industrial pollution. 2) To examine the economic consequences of industrial pollution on the host communities in Gboko local government area. 3) Another objective of the study is to suggest possible ways of solving the problems confronting the host communities as a result of industrial pollution. 1.4 Research Questions The seemingly helplessness of the host communities to combat industrial pollution which has socio-economic challenges on them despite that modern, refined and more sophisticated material are used in their operation is the reason for the assessment of the socio-economic consequences of industrial pollution on the host communities, this research therefore posed the following questions. i. What are the social consequences of industrial pollution on the host communities of Benue cement area? ii. What are the economic consequences of industrial pollution on the host communities of Benue cement area? iii. What are the effects of industrial pollution on the host communities of Benue cement area? iv. What is the solution to socio-economic problems created by Benue cement for host communities? 1.5 Significance of the Study To re-direct our attention to the consequences of industrial pollution in the society and provide a focus for further research especially in the area of relationship between industries and the host communities. The study will also serve as reference materials for other students and researchers who will want to carry out similar studies. Also, the study will enlighten or throw more light on the socio-economic consequences of industrial pollution and show how the problems caused by industrial pollution in the society can be solved. 1.6 Scope of the Study The area of study in this research is limited to Gboko local government area of Benue state. Benue state is expected to be covered, however, due to logistics and other challenges such as time and difficulty in covering the entire population and landmark in Benue state, Gboko local government area is selected as a study area. Specific emphasis will be placed on areas like Yandev, Tse-Kucha and Tse-Amua, hence these are the areas mostly affected by industrial pollution specifically, Benue Cement Company. 1.7 Definition of Terms For this study to achieve an elaborate explanation and understanding of certain concepts will be clarified for the examiner and for scholarly purpose. Pollution This is a process of making water, land and air dirty with substances capable of injuring, corrupting and contaminating both natural and man-made resources. Pollution therefore, occur when there is indiscriminate release of chemicals, gases and dust which affects the environment and man (Umoh, 2002). Industrial Pollution This is the emission of carbon-monoxide, light, heat, steam, gaseous and other harmful agents of health, like dust into the air and environment. Industrial pollution therefore, is the influx and indiscriminate location of industries and excessive release of smokes, fumes, noise and other wastes than nature and our own efforts can clean and probably handle them (Maclean and jones, 1999).   CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Introduction This chapter examines the conceptual meanings and views held or shared by different scholars, authority bodies or governments in respect to industrial pollution. The views will be useful to measure and expose the phenomenon of industrial pollution as a social problem in general. 2.2 The Concept of Industrial Pollution The international edition of the American encyclopedia (vol. 1, p:392) defines pollution as “the contamination of any substances in its pure state”. To scholars like Martin. W; Gilbert F.(ed 1999) pollution is the introduction of substances liable to cause hazard to human health, to living resources and ecological system, damage to structures, or amenity; or interference with legitimate use of environment. Industrial pollution from the above definitions is one in which substances like carbon monoxide, light, heat, noise and steam, gaseous and other solid substances agents are released from the activity of the industry or industries that contaminate or pollutes an environment. Deducing from the notions above, the danger of pollution to the inhabitants of Yandev,Tse-Kucha and TseAmua in Gboko local government area of Benue state can be imagined. The activities of the machinery, equipment and plants, in the course of production in the same manner as discussed above release those substances within the environments which have socio-economic consequences on the host communities. 2.3 Incidences of Industrial Pollution The environmental update (2009 vol. 1 p:25) in an article “ periods of over development, the environmental perspective” argued that , through the natural resources we have around us, as indispensable as they are for the growth of technology and development, development through the activities of the industrial sector cause serious damage to the ozone layer. In the analysis, the result of chemical reaction in the performance of qualitative laboratory experiments, mineral exploitations, petroleum refining and explosive process in the industrial sector are daily routine. The source maintained that the disasters above processes causes cannot be over emphasized. According to the source, chlorofeous (efe) is release in the usage of refrigerators and air conditioned gadgets to the atmosphere and other noxious gases. The thickness of the ozone layer is thus reduced in this process un-shielding solar radiation; this reinforces global warming. This unhealthy development is the reason for the consistent warnings against such activities capable of causing global warning. The same source reveals that, air pollutants from combustion engines, automobiles, mineral processors are not only hazardous to the human race, but also to the entire biosphere. Also, that, melted devastating effects on soil and water in the event of daily exploration of the earth for mineral and raw material extraction. The industrial sector according to the source has emitted and deposited enough hazardous chemicals and waste both on land and on water bodies destroying the crust and adding increasingly by the acid content of the soil. The above development is a similar situation with the three communities for which this study is carried out. The residents of Yandev, Tse-kucha and Tse-Amua are predominantly farmers and their farming as well as economic activities suffer the same fate from the Benue cement industry activities of pollution. Umoh J. U et al (ed 2002) has the same view that “the earth is an ecosystem of natural habitants which provides basic resources for the growth of man however, has been confronted with the threats of contamination more from man than less the natural disasters world”. Umoh’s view confirms why and how factories and other destructive technological inventions pollutes the air, contaminates food and the environment. Professor, K. M. Clayton in population abatement (1973, p: 42) reveals the numbers of deaths recorded as 4000 in five days in December, 1952 in London. The incidence was attributed to high level of population from the industries. It was established in view of the fact that, pollution contributes to excess rate of death. In contribution to the devastating effects of industrial pollution, the environment matters (2001, p: 2) in a conservative statement about the environment said “if we want success in development, the environment should not be an afterthought”. This implies however that even though the socio-economic and political development are derivatives of the environment, the policy makers must always not forget to consider, the dysfunctional aspects of the industrialization on the individual and the environment when embarking on decisions to site an industry in any area. The aforementioned incidences are not only true of other societies, but also applicable to Yandev, Tse-Kucha and Tse-Amua, the host communities of Benue Cement Company in Gboko local government area of Benue state. The situation does not only impact against the health of the residents, it also affects their development. 2.4 The Health Implications of Industrial Pollution More than one billion people on the planet are exposed to potentially health-damaging levels of air pollution caused by industrial activities and emissions from electronic power plants. Unfortunately, in cities around the world, residents have come to accept smog and polluted air as normal. Air pollution in urban areas is caused primarily by emissions from automobiles and secondarily by emissions from electronic power plants and heavy industries. Urban smog not only limits visibility, it can lead to health problems as uncomfortable as eye irritation and as deadly as lung cancer, such problems are especially severe in developing countries (Carty, 1999; World Resources Institute, 1998). Furthermore, as the population of many municipalities grow, their sewage treatment facilities though once adequately applied are quickly out grown. This continuous increase in population also comes along with increase in industrial activities for the production of items, materials and products needed for the advancement and development mankind. These activities from the industries release a lot of harmful waste in the course of production processes into our sources of water supply and the air we breathe and the environment we live in (land). The result of the spread of the agents of contamination is to the detriment of the human health. These industrial activities caused a lot of untold health hazards and treat of epidemic and dysentery as well as poisoning by exotic chemicals. Health specialists opined that, air pollution as a result of industrial pollution has already proven lethal. Death rates are above normal when and where smog occurs, also, the respiratory ailments among the youths and the old has accelerated most especially in the areas where industrial activities takes place. The general effects of carbon monoxide combines with the pigment haemoglobin in our blood, displacing the oxygen in our blood, displacing the oxygen that haemoglobin normally transports. It is believed that carbon monoxide tend to cause suffocation by occupying the high speed transport system which in the human being normally guarantees a steady renewal of the supply of oxygen necessary to maintain metabolism in the cells. When oxygen supply to the cells is reduced, the heart must work harder, this however produce strain in people with heart and lung diseases. Carty (1999) asserted that, sulphur dioxide produced by coal burning adheres to coat dust particles and spread through urban air, these particles get into our lungs and create sulphuric acids which are highly dangerous to human health. Sulphur dioxide is without doubt involved in the increased rates of acute and chronic asthma, bronchitis and other diseases associated with industrial pollution. The observation is nevertheless made on the residents of the host communities of Benue Cement Industry as they are exposed to severe air and other types of industrial pollution in the areas. Skin cancer is another disease caused by air and industrial pollution, this is when carbon monoxide and other dangerous, harmful chemicals are emitted from plant and vehicle engines to the air where they are trapped in the clouds and come down with the rains which are toxic and acidic (this is often regarded as acid rain) capable of causing skin cancer. Another disease caused by industrial pollution is asthma. Vaoundtrra (2008) said that, the effects of industrial pollution are both immediate and delayed. The immediate effects are borne by the respiratory system. The resulting state is acute bronchitis. If the pollution is intense, it may result even in immediate suffocation. This has taken place in the air pollution epidemic which occurred in London 1952. The delayed effects linked with air pollution arte chronic bronchitis, lung cancer, asthmas, respiratory allergies etc. Vaoundtrra further opined that, industrial pollution interferes with the development of the nervous system in children and also reduces children’s Intelligent Quotient (I.Q.). He also said that, the elderly, smokers, children and those with chronic respiration difficulties are most vulnerable to industrial pollution and other forms of pollution. Discussion on the health problems of industrial pollution would hardly be exhaustible as it is usually impossible to determine with precision the degree of exposure of a given individual to specific pollutions because they are numerous and varied and therefore difficult to detect. 2.5 Social Consequence of Industrial Pollution Industrial pollution has devastating effects on the health and social life of the people found in the areas where the industries are sitted. One of the major consequences of industrial pollution is the migration of people from the areas where these industries are located to distant lands. This caused overcrowding and unhygienic conditions as seen in the cases of Ibadan, Lagos, Benin City, Kano and Kaduna state (Ajene, 2007). Furthermore, the issue of industrial pollution has affected the social life of the people in diverse ways, one of such is the contamination of water as a result of industrial waste, streams and rivers are contaminated which affects the swimming activities of the communities thereby impending on their social life (Effiong, 1980). The combination of automobile exhausts and industrial fumes produce smog which cause many health problems in our industrial cities most especially Lagos, Ibadan, Kano, Enugu etc. Maclean and Jones (2001) have claimed that exhaust fume cause faulty time judgments, headache, usual impairments, dizziness, unconsciousness and at the same time reduce work capacity, this is because industrial pollution affects the body system. This however, affects people in carrying out their socio-economic activities. Davies in “pollution Abatement(1999, p: 129) assert that, the most dramatic manifestation of the harmful effects of pollution is increased by morbidity and mortality rates, cases which accompany episodes of high pollution especially during temperature invasions over towns and areas where industries are located. His observation is applicable to the inhabitants of the three communities under study around Benue Cement Industry, even though there are no statistics to show how many (rate) of death cases. Many of the deaths within those areas could be linked to the industrial pollution from cement factory. The new encyclopedia Britannica(vol.6. p:683) affirms that, the deposition on land of social waste like cans, bottles, plastics containers and papers makes social life and economic activities difficult. The lists of items or materials are non-biodegradable, material which interferes much with the organic life and social activities in the environment around Benue Cement Industry. This pollution leads to unhygienic environment causing more diseases to the inhabitants. The consequences of industrial pollution affects man’s social activities in divers ways which thwarts man’s development and social achievements, this is because of industrialization really contributed adversely to the present problems of environmental pollution which exercise deleterious effects on our physical development, health and survival. 2.6 The Economic Consequences of Industrial Pollution The steady progress in the field of science and technology has contributed adversely to the present problems of environmental pollution which exercise serious effects on the social and economic activities of the people. The influx of automobiles and indiscriminate location of industries are constantly contaminating the air, water and land faster with their smokes, fumes, noise and other wastes than nature and our effort can clean and probably handle them. Pollution has even become a great problem in most Nigeria towns and cities because our modern way of life produces vast quantities of waste matter. When the accumulation of such waste cannot be dissipated, pollution is definitely the result. These waste cause pollution because they affect the health of individuals, animals and plants which in turn adversely alters the balance of nature (Glasson et al, 1994). Clayton (1999) asserts that, great exposure of agricultural products to smokes may cause extensive damage while cattle deaths have been traced to release fluoride gases from phosphate manufacturing companies. Air pollution often changes the colour of the skies, so one cannot see the mountains, seashore, or the sun except through a dense haze. This has on many occasions cause serious accidents of automobiles, aeroplanes and ships, which has claimed many lives and destroyed many valuable properties even in the civilized nations. There is no doubt that water has several uses, and the degree of harmful contamination, varies with human activity. For example water which cannot safely be used for drinking and swimming may be useful for agriculture or be acceptable for fishing. For this reason, almost every stream, river and lake as well as part of our sea coast is at least partially contaminated/polluted. The main cause is that water, like the air has been use as a waste receptacle in homes and industries which discharge their effluents into the rivers of seas. The source of water pollutants in Nigeria are pesticides from agricultural operations, heat from cooling operation plants, infection agent (largely from sewage), plant nutrients, sediments from land erosion and minerals and chemical disposal (largely from industrial wastes) (Umoh, 2002). Furthermore, water pollution is as a result of impurities from refuse which is tip into sources of river water, which destroy the economic and aesthetic values of our water, and nitrates used by the farmer to fertilize the soil being washed into rivers and lakes causing over growth of weeds and algae. The other causes include sewage wastes being discharged into rivers and seas covering the oxygen content of the water which may adversely affect aquatic plants and animals (Frank, 1999). Berry (1984) affirms that, pollution apart from endangering the health of man and other living things also constitute an economic waste of natural resources and even retard purposeful developments. For example, refuse tipping results in large area of wasted land in Ibadan and Lagos cities. Also, fertilizers are unwisely used; they may lead to the deterioration of the soil for future use for planting. Pesticides are not applied with utmost care can also be poisonous to man e.g DDT and paraquat. Some of them may alter the balance of nature if all the insect necessary for pollination are eliminated in the process. Pollution has serious effect on the society; it damages organisms, reduces visibility, attacks and corrodes materials such as metals, plastics, rubber and fabrics. The respiratory tracts of animals including humans are particularly harmed by air pollution which also worsens existing medical conditions such as chronic lung disease, pneumonia and cardiovascular problems. The overall productivity of crop plant is reduced by the most forms of air pollution and when combined with other environmental stresses, such as low winter temperatures or prolonged droughts, pollution causes plant to decline and die. (Hobson, 1998:250). 2.7 Government Laws and Policies Guiding Industrial Pollution in Nigeria Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (1999) The constitution, as the national legal order, recognizes the importance of improving and protecting the environment and makes provision for it. Relevant sections are: Section 20 makes it an objective of the Nigerian State to improve and protect the air, land, water, forest and wildlife of Nigeria. Section 12 establishes, though impliedly, that international treaties (including environmental treaties) ratified by the National Assembly should be implemented as law in Nigeria. Section 33 and 34 which guarantee fundamental human rights to life and human dignity respectively, have also being argued to be linked to the need for a healthy and safe environment to give these rights effect. National Environmental Standards and Regulation Enforcement Agency (NESREA) Act 2007 Administered by the Ministry of Environment, the National Environment Standards and Regulation Enforcement Agency (NESREA) Act of 2007 replaced the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) Act. It is the embodiment of laws and regulations focused on the protection and sustainable development of the environment and its natural resources. The following sections are worth noting:- Section 7 provides authority to ensure compliance with environmental laws, local and international, on environmental sanitation and pollution prevention and control through monitory and regulatory measures. Section 8 (1)(K) empowers the Agency to make and review regulations on air and water quality, effluent limitations, control of harmful substances and other forms of environmental pollution and sanitation. Section 27 prohibits, without lawful authority, the discharge of hazardous substances into the environment. This offence is punishable under this section, with a fine not exceeding, N1,000,000 (One Million Naira) and an imprisonment term of 5 years. In the case of a company, there is an additional fine of N50,000, for every day the offence persists. Regulations (Under NESREA) National Effluent Limitation Regulations. Section 1 (1) requires industry facilities to have anti-pollution equipment for the treatment of effluent. Section 3 (2) requires a submission to the agency of a composition of the industry’s treated effluents. National Environment Protection (Pollution Abatement in Industries and Facilities producing Waste) Regulations (1991). Section 1 Prohibits the release of hazardous substances into the air, land or water of Nigeria beyond approved limits set by the Agency. Section 4 and 5 requires industries to report a discharge if it occurs and to submit a comprehensive list of chemicals used for production to the Agency. Federal Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Regulations (1991). Section 1 makes it an obligation for industries to identify solid hazardous wastes which are dangerous to public health and the environment and to research into the possibility of their recycling. Section 20 makes notification of any discharge to the Agency mandatory. Section 108 stipulates penalties for contravening any regulation. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act. CAP E12, LFN 2004. An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is an assessment of the potential impacts whether positive or negative, of a proposed project on the natural environment: The E.I.A Act, as it is informally called, deals with the considerations of environmental impact in respect of public and private projects. Sections relevant to environmental emergency prevention under the EIA include:- Section 2 (1) requires an assessment of public or private projects likely to have a significant (negative) impact on the environment. Section 2 (4) requires an application in writing to the Agency before embarking on projects for their environmental assessment to determine approval. Section 13 establishes cases where an EIA is required and Section 60 creates a legal liability for contravention of any provision. The Nigerian Urban and Regional Planning Act CAP N138, LFN 2004 The Urban and Regional Planning Act is aimed at overseeing a realistic, purposeful planning of the country to avoid overcrowding and poor environmental conditions. In this regard, the following sections become instructive:- Section 30 (3) requires a building plan to be drawn by a registered architect or town planner. Section 39 (7) establishes that an application for land development would be rejected if such development would harm the environment or constitute a nuisance to the community. Section 59 makes it an offence to disobey a stop-work order. The punishment under this section, is a fine not exceeding N10,000 (Ten thousand naira) and in the case of a company, a fine not exceeding N50, 000. Section 72 provides for the preservation and planting of trees for environmental conservation. Land Use Act: CAP 202, LFN 2004 The Land Use Act places the ownership, management and control of land in each state of the federation in the Governor. Land is therefore allocated with his authority for commercial, agricultural and other purposes. Harmful Waste (Special Criminal Provisions) Act: CAP H, LFN 2004 The Harmful Waste Act prohibits, without lawful authority, the carrying, dumping or depositing of harmful waste in the air, land or waters of Nigeria. The following sections are notable: Section 6 provides for a punishment of life imprisonment for offenders as well as the forfeiture of land or anything used to commit the offence. Section 7 makes provision for the punishment accordingly, of any conniving, consenting or negligent officer where the offence is committed by a company. Section 12 defines the civil liability of any offender. He would be liable to persons who have suffered injury as a result of his offending act. Hydrocarbon Oil Refineries Act: CAP H5, LFN 2004. The Hydrocarbon Oil Refineries Act is concerned with the licensing and control of refining activities. Relevant sections include the following: Section 1 prohibits any unlicensed refining of hydrocarbon oils in places other than a refinery. Section 9 requires refineries to maintain pollution prevention facilities. Oil in Navigable Waters Act: CAP 06, LFN 2004. The Oil in Navigable Waters Act is concerned with the discharge of oil from ships. The following sections are significant:- Section 1 (1) prohibits the discharge of oil from a Nigerian ship into territorial waters or shorelines. Section 3 makes it an offence for a ship master, occupier of land, or operator of apparatus for transferring oil to discharge oil into Nigerian Waters. It also requires the installation of anti-pollution equipment in ships. Section 6 makes punishable such discharge with a fine of N2,000 (Two thousand naira). Section 7 requires the records of occasions of oil discharge. Associated Gas Re-Injection Act, CAP 20, LFN 2004 The Associated Gas Re-Injection Act deals with the gas flaring activities of oil and gas companies in Nigeria. The following sections are relevant to pollution prevention: Section 3 (1) prohibits, without lawful permission, any oil and gas company from flaring gas in Nigeria. Section 4 stipulates the penalty for breach of permit conditions. The Endangered Species Act, CAP E9, LFN 2004. This Act focuses on the protection and management of Nigeria’s wildlife and some of their species in danger of extinction as a result of overexploitation. These sections are noteworthy: Section 1 prohibits, except under a valid license, the hunting, capture or trade in animal species, either presently or likely to be in danger of extinction. Section 5 defines the liability of any offender under this Act. Section 7 provides for regulations to be made necessary for environmental prevention and control as regards the purposes of this Act. Sea Fisheries Act, CAP S4, LFN 2004. The Sea Fisheries Act makes it illegal to take or harm fishes within Nigerian waters by use of explosives, poisonous or noxious substances. Relevant sections include the following: Section 1 prohibits any unlicensed operation of motor fishing boats within Nigerian waters. Section 10 makes destruction of fishes punishable with a fine of N50,000 or an imprisonment term of 2 years. Section 14 (2) provides authority to make for the protection and conservation of sea fishes. Exclusive Economic Zone Act, CAP E11, LFN 2004. The Exclusive Economic Zone Act makes it illegal to explore or exploit natural resources within the Exclusive zone without lawful authority. The Federal Government regulates the activities of the Exclusive Zone. Oil Pipelines Act, CAP 07, LFN 2004. The Oil Pipelines Act and its Regulations guide oil activities. The following sections are pertinent; Section 11 (5) creates a civil liability on the person who owns or is in charge of an oil pipeline. He would be liable to pay compensation to anyone who suffers physical or economic injury as a result of a break or leak in his pipelines. Section 17 (4) establishes that grant of licenses are subject to regulations concerning public safety and prevention of land and water pollution. Oil Pipelines Regulations (Under Oil Pipelines Act) Section 9 (1) (b) establishes the requirement of environmental emergency plans. Section 26 makes punishable any contravention with a fine of N500,000 and/or an imprisonment term of six months. Petroleum Act, CAP Pl0, LFN 2004. The Petroleum Act and its Regulations remain the primary legislation on oil and gas activities in Nigeria. It promotes public safety and environmental protection. The following sections are relevant: Section 9 (1) (b) provides authority to make regulations on operations for the prevention of air and water pollution. Regulations Petroleum Drilling and Production Regulations: Section 17 (1) (b) places restrictions on licensees from using land within fifty yards of any building, dam, reservoir, public road, etc. Section 23 and 27 prohibits, without lawful permission, the cut down of trees in forest reserves. Section 25 establishes that reasonable measures be taken to prevent water pollution and to end it, if it occurs. Petroleum Refining Regulation Section 43 (3) requires the Manager of a refinery to take measures to prevent and control pollution of the environment. Section 45 makes any contravention punishable with a fine of N100 or an imprisonment term of six months. Mineral Oil Safety Regulations and Crude Oil Transportation and Shipment Regulations These Regulations prescribe precautions to be taken in the production, loading, transfer and storage of petroleum products to prevent environmental pollution. Petroleum Products and Distribution Act, CAP P12, LFN 2004 Under this Act, the offence of sabotage which could result in environmental pollution is punishable with a death sentence or an imprisonment term not exceeding 21 years. Territorial Waters Act, CAP T5, LFN 2004 The Territorial Waters Act makes punishable any act or omission committed within Nigerian waters which would be an offence under any other existing law. Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection Act, CAP N142, LFN 2004 The Act is concerned with the regulation of the use of radioactive substances and equipment emitting and generating ionizing radiation. In particular: Section 4 provides authority to make regulations for the protection of the environment from the harmful effects of ionizing radiation. Section 15 and 16 makes registration of premises and the restriction of ionizing radiation sources to those premises mandatory. Section 37 (1) (b) allows an inspector verify records of activities that pertain to the environment. Section 40 clarifies that the same regulations guiding the transportation of dangerous goods by air, land or water should also apply to the transportation of radioactive substances. Nigerian Mining Corporation Act. CAP N120, LFN 2004 This Act establishes the Nigerian Mining Corporation. It has authority to engage in mining refining activities and to construct and maintain roads, dams, reservoirs, etc. In particular: Section 16 creates a civil liability on the corporation for the physical or economic damage suffered by any person as a result of its activities. River Basins Development Authority Act, CAP R9, LFN 2004 The River Basins Development Authority is concerned with the development of water resources for domestic, industrial and other uses, and the control of floods and erosion. Agriculture (Control of Importation) Act, CAP A93, LFN 2004 The Agriculture Act and its Plant (Control of Importation) Regulations are concerned with the control of the spread of plant diseases and pests. Worth noting is: Section 6 which allows authorized officers to take emergency control measures, and provides for the recovery of costs and expenses incurred by the officers in controlling the situation. Factories Act, CAP Fl, LFN 2004 The Factories Act promotes the safety of workers and professionals exposed to occupational hazards. Under this Act, it is an offence to use unregistered premises for factory purposes. In particular: Section 13 allows an inspector take emergency measures or request that emergency measures be taken by a person qualified to do so in cases of pollution or any nuisance. Water Resources Act, CAP W2, LFN 2004 The Water Resources Act is targeted at developing and improving the quantity and quality of water resources. The following sections are pertinent: Section 5 and 6 provides authority to make pollution prevention plans and regulations for the protection of fisheries, flora and fauna. Section 18 makes offenders liable, under this Act, to be punished with a fine not exceeding N2000 or an imprisonment term of six months. He would also pay an additional fine of Nl00 for everyday the offence continues. The Federal National Parks Act, CAP N65, LFN 2004 The National Parks Act is concerned with the establishment of protected areas used for resource conservation, water catchments protection, wildlife conservation and maintenance of the national eco-system balance. Niger-Delta Development Commission (NDDC) Act, CAP N68, LFN 2004 The Niger-Delta Development Commission Act is concerned with using allocated funds to tackle ecological problems arising from the exploration of oil minerals in the Delta. Section 7 (1) (b) empowers the Commission to plan and to implement projects for the sustainable development of the Delta in the field of transportation, health, agriculture, fisheries, urban and housing development, etc. The Commission, under this Act, has a duty to liaise with oil and gas companies and advice stakeholders on the control of oil spillages, gas flaring and other related forms of environmental pollution. Other legislation: Environmental Sanitation Law: This is a law of Lagos State focused on environmental sanitation and protection. It punishes in varying degrees acts like street obstruction, failure to clean sidewalks, cover refuse bins or dispose wastes properly. Environmental Pollution Control Law Section 12 of this law under the Laws of Lagos State makes it an offence to cause or permit a discharge of raw untreated human waste into any public drain, water course or onto any land or water. This offence is punishable with a fine not exceeding N100, 000 (One hundred thousand naira) and in the case of a company, a fine not exceeding N500, 000. Criminal Code: The Criminal Code contains provisions for the prevention of public health hazards and for environmental protection. Hence: Sections 245-248 deal with offences ranging from water fouling, to the use of noxious substances. 2.8 Theoretical Framework The nature of social reality is so complex that every social phenomenon is subjected to various analysis and interpretation depending on which of the theoretical realm one falls. There are as many theories as there are phenomena. However, for the purpose of this research, two dominant theoretical perspectives in sociology are examined. This will help establish which of the theories suitably explain the situation of industrial pollution in contemporary Nigeria. These are modernisation theory and functionalist theory. Modernisation Theory Modernisation concept is used to mean the introduction of new technology and new organisation in colloquial terms, modernisation means rendering something that is old fashion new or up to date to suit the requirement of modern times. Furthermore, modernisation theory is characterised by all efforts to bring technology, ways of life, social organisation and modes of production. Modernisation cut across the phases of life and the growth of industries is not an exception (Ega, 2005). Ega (2005) maintained that modernisation is in grade and society will be considered more or less modernise to the extent that its members use inanimate source of power and tools to multiply the effect of their efforts. Therefore, the distinction is between the relatively modernise and the relatively modernise which is based on the use of animate power than the inanimate power where social organisation is based on technical skills. It refers to the kind of social change which occurred in the 18th century Europe. The changes which led to political and economic breakdown through which transform Europe to modern society. Apter (1965), one of the contributors of the modernist theory focuses on multi-dimenist aspect of the concept; that is the normative behavioural and structural modernisation, industrialisation as related. That development is portrayed as more general involving growing systems differentiation and integration of functional roles. Which modernisation is a particular case of development involving innovation of flexible social structure and the social framework to provide skills and knowledge in a technologically advanced world. Following the assumptions of modernisation theory which states that out-dated things should be reshaped to suit the requirements of modern times. Prior to modernity, traditional societies were making use of local industries for production of goods. However, modernisation has paved way for the growth of modern industries for production of sophisticated goods to meet up with the modern demands of the society,. Modernisation has brought about changes through innovation and growth of industries which has some devastating effect on the health, and socio-economic lives of the people, therefore, the effects of Benue Cement Industry through industrial pollution is not an exception. In view of the above, modernisation helps the societies to introduce new ideas for development such as establishment of industries for the socio-economic development of the society. The establishment of modern industries pave way for the development of goods and services for the development of the society. However, the establishment of Benue Cement Industry in Benue State create an enabling environment for the development of Benue State. In as much as modernisation ensures development of the society, this development also come along with some negative consequences, the siting of industries leads to industrial pollution which has some health and socio-economic implication to the people of Benue State and beyond. The strength of modernisation theory is argued on the basis that, the sociological imagination is more important than controlling the risk found in contemporary societies, and fulfils the potential for improving people’s lives. Despite its strength, the modernisation theory has its weakness. It lacks a theory of culture. In reality, there are difference in culture between a variety of groups in modern societies, significantly, it also affect how people experience social life and behaviour. Structural Functionalism The major proponents of this theory are AugusteCompte, Emile Durkheim and Herbert Spencer. Herbert Spencer argued that it’s like an organism with interconnected parts each contributing to the survival of the whole organism. Functionalism therefore view society as a system, this perspective sees the society as a set of interconnected parts which together form a whole. Various parts in the society according to this paradigm are understood in terms of their relationship to the whole social institutions which are analysed as part of the social system rather than as related unit (Haralambos, 2004). In relation to the study; the establishment of industries in the society will ensure the socio-economic development of the society. However, the siting of Benue Cement Industry in Gboko Local Government contributed to an extent the socio-economic development of the people residing in that community and beyond. According to the functionalist perspective, industries are part of the society and in order to maintain the growth of the society and socio-economic development, the industries help in revenue generation, employment opportunities, the industries also contribute in community development such as shops, road construction, bridges, provision of electricity etc. Generally, functionalism sees industries as part of the social system which strengthens social cohesion and development for the common good of the society. It is against this background that, Benue Cement Industry is considered as an integral part of the society, this is because of its role it plays for the development of the Benue State and beyond. Limitation The major defect of structural function is its conception of consensus in the society. There are situations where the values and norms of one group are in conflict with those of another. In a complex society as ours with economic, socio-cultural, plurality and ethno-religious antagonisms, there cannot be common or consensual values. Therefore, the assertion, industries function to serve the social system is a misplace one. The industries are established to serve the interest of some groups to the detriment of other groups. This can be seen where the Benue Cement Industry serve the interest of Dangote’s, whereas the people residing within Benue Cement Industry are faced with socio-economic and health challenges as a result of industrial pollution. In spite of its shortcoming for the purpose of this research, the structural functionalism throws more light in understanding the activities of the industries in ensuring societal development. Going by the role of industries to societal development, one is at tandem with the views of structural functionalism that the dominant role played by industries in our contemporary society is that of ensuring the socio-economic development of the society. Therefore, the siting of Benue Cement in Gboko Local Government Area helps for the development of Benue State. Relatedly, the Benue Cement Industry help to ensure stability of the society by creating employment opportunity, and raising revenue for the government which is converted for societal development. Therefore, the Benue Cement Industry play the role of ensuring socio-economic development of Benue State and beyond, this however, keep the social system functioning.   CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction The emphasis of this chapter is methodology. Methodology here denotes a systematic organized series of steps that ensure maximum objectivity and consistency in studying a problem (Schaefer, 1989). The usefulness of methodology in social science researches is its tendency to serve as a guide for reliability and validity for research findings. The research methodology mainly shows in details the avenue and the procedure through which the research work is carried out and also arrives at the finding taking into consideration the validity and the reliability of instrument employed in the research work. In this study, emphasis was made on the study location, sampling procedure, instrument of data collection and method of data analysis. 3.2 Location of Study The area of study in this research is limited to Gboko Local Government area in Benue state where Benue Cement Industry is located. The creation of Gboko as a Local Government dates back to 1976 and is the headquarters of the Tiv nation. It is presently bounded to the East by Ushongu Local Government Area, to the North by Buruku Local Government Area, and also to the West and South by Tarka and Gwer Local Government Areas respectively. The Local Government (Gboko) is located about 180 Km (North-East) outside Makurdi the Benue state capital. As semi-urban area (HarbouringYandev, Tse-Kucha and Tse-Amua) majority of the inhabitants engage in agricultural activities and only a few find succour in commerce. 3.3 Sampling Procedure In effort to achieve fair representation, cluster sampling was used for this study. This sampling procedure is most suitable for this kind of study where the location is not entirely urban. This is necessitated because the area under study is quite large, however, the settlements are scattered. The cluster sampling affords every member of the population an opportunity of been selected for the study. Cluster sampling is a procedure by which the population to be studied is divided into groups. In other words, the population area is already divided into three (3) communities namely: Yandev, Tse-Kucha and Tse-Amua as clusters. The procedure was applied where the sample of 120 respondents were obtained at; 40 respondents were obtained from each of the communities (clusters) the research covered the areas effectively and questionnaires were adequately administered to the selected respondents by the researcher. However, there was no special consideration in terms of selection in respect to gender collection. Also, the procedure was applied to the three (3) communities hosting the Benue cement Industry and one hundred and twenty (120) respondents were studied or arrived at. The justification for the procedure applied is that, it ensures representativeness of the entire area and population under study. It also enhances possible accuracy in the generalization of the findings to the prevailing situation within the area of study. A sample of twenty (20) workers and nine (9) traditional rulers three from each community under this study were selected and interviewed during this research. 3.4 Instruments of Data Collection The instruments of data collection were questionnaires and interview. A well designed questionnaire both structured and open- ended and close-ended was fully packed to capture the focus of the research. A total of 120 copies of questionnaire were administered in the selected parts of Gboko local government area where the Benue Cement industry is located which include: Yandev, Tse-Kucha, Tse-Amua. An interview section was conducted with twenty (20) workers and nine (9) traditional rulers three from Yandev, Tse-Kucha and Tse-Amua who were mostly directly affected and have experience on the socio-economic consequences of industrial pollution in this various areas under study. The kind of information I will like to get from the workers is to know whether the industrial pollution also affects them. 3.5 Methods of Data Analysis Both qualitative and quantitative methods of data analysis were emphasized. The data obtained through questionnaire were presented using simple percentages for the analysis. For the purpose of data analysis, the responses from the respondents were converted to aggregate scores. To establish possible relationship, adequate use of tables, frequency and percentages were used in this study. This method was able to bring out a strong report for this study. The data collected is analysed with the use of both quantitative and qualitative technique of analysis. In quantitative analysis, simple percentages were used in analysing the data collected. This is to take the percentage of the respondents that hold particular view about the topic under study. A historical analysis was also used, the combination of these two methods gave room for inference, and the transformation of information to percentages which facilitated statistical manipulation and interpretation.   CHAPTER FOUR DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS 4.1 Introduction This chapter is concerned with the presentation of data collected for the study essentially the demographic data as well as the general information on the socio-economic consequences of industrial pollution in Gboko Local Government area. The data is presented in line with the objectives and research questions set for the study. 4.2 Demographic Data of Respondents In this section, various demographic variables of respondents deemed relevant are presented. These include; Age, sex, marital status, educational qualification, occupation, religion, duration lived in the community and ethnicity. Table 1: Age Distribution of Respondents. Age No. of Respondents Percentage (%) 18-25 37 34 26-45 45 41 46 and above 28 25 Total 110 100 Source: Fieldwork, 2013. From the above table, 34% (37) of respondents fell under the age category of 18-25 years, 41% (45) fell under the ages of 26-45 years while the remaining 25% (28) fell under the age bracket of 46 years and above. The implication of this finding is that, respondents between the age of 25-45 participated more in the research, this shows that young people were more available during the time of this research work. Table 2: Sex Distribution of Respondents. Sex No. of respondents Percentage (%) Male 68 62 Female 42 38 Total 110 100 Source: Fieldwork, 2013. Table 2 above shows the sex distribution of respondents. The data shows that 62% (68) respondents were male, while that of the female respondents were 38% (42). This means that men by nature of their prominent role in problem solving and as such participated more in this research than the women. Table 3: Educational Qualification of Respondents. Level of Education No. of Respondents Percentage (%) Primary education 17 15 Secondary education 48 44 Tertiary education 24 22 Informal education 21 19 Total 110 100 Source: Fieldwork, 2013 Table 3 shows the level of educational attainment of respondents. Out of 110 respondents 15% (17) attended primary school. 44% (48) attended secondary school, 22% (24) had tertiary education, while the rest received informal education. The study shows that most of the respondents attended secondary education, but on the general note, every one of them had one qualification or the other. The study show low level of education among the people residing around Benue Cement Company, hence there is difficulty in assessing the socio-economic consequences of industrial pollution in the area under the study, this is because the public lack advance (tertiary) education especially in industrial pollution. Table 4: Occupational Distribution of Respondents. Occupation No. of Respondents Percentage (%) Farmers 55 50 Civil Servants 26 24 Business 29 26 Total 110 100 Source: Fieldwork, 2013. The above table shows the occupational distribution of respondents. Data from the table have the farmers dominating the host communities of Benue Cement Industry with a population of 50% (55) which the civil servants and business people have24% (26) and 26% (29) respectively. This implies that, majority of the population are people who engage in farming and agriculture on full time basis. Their knowledge about industrial pollution is vital, since the pollution from the cement industry really affect their farming activities in the area. Table 5: Duration of time respondents have lived in the Community Duration No. of Respondents Percentage (%) 1-5 Years 14 13 6-10 Years 28 25 11-15 Years 31 28 16 Years and above 37 34 Total 110 100 Source: Fieldwork, 2013. The table above reveals the time span the inhabitants of the three (host) communities lived in the area of study. It is clear from the above table that the people have lived long enough to be able to understand what transpires there. The least period of time spent in the community by the respondents is a period of 1-5 years with the percentage of 13%. The data is an indication that, the respondents have stayed in those areas long enough to have adequate knowledge and acquaintance with the events in the area, most especially in the area of Benue Cement Industrial Pollution. 4.3 Socio-Economic Consequences of Industrial Pollution This section presents on the frequency and percentage tables the effect of Benue Cement Industrial Pollution on the social and economic lives of the respondents (residents) within the Communities under study. Table 6: Respondents Perception about Industrial Pollution. What is Pollution No. of Respondents Percentage (%) Clean Environment - - Abuse, contamination of air, water and land 110 100 Don’t know - - Total 110 100 Source: Fieldwork, 2013. The table shows that majority of the respondents 100% indicates that, the respondents have a good knowledge and understanding of what pollution is and what constitutes pollution as the abuse and contamination of air, water and land. The perception from the respondents above proves the abuse of air, water sources and land (farm fields in the communities around Benue Cement Industry from the activities of cement production). Table 7: The Respondent’s Opinion on the Impact of Industrial Pollution from Benue Cement Industry on the Social Life of the Community Residents. Responses No. of Respondents Percentage (%) Disease Infections 23 21 Unhygienic Conditions 28 25 Migration 20 18 Mortality rates 16 15 Affects swimming activities 15 14 No Impact 6 5 Don’t know 2 2 Total 110 100 Source: Fieldwork, 2013. The representation above shows that, the Benue Cement Industrial pollution has impacted negatively on the social lives of the respondents. 25% of the respondents affirm the impacts as creating an environment which is not conducive for a living. 23% of the respondents were of the opinion that, industrial pollution from Benue Cement infects them with diseases. The data further reveals that, 18% asserts that, industrial pollution from Benue Cement Industry leads to migration of the residents to distant lands. 14% were of the view that, industrial pollution leads to high mortality rate in this areas, this is because the dust release from the activities of Benue Cement Company affects the respiratory tract of the people living in these areas thereby causing deaths to occur. Only 14% said, its affect their swimming activities in streams. From the representation above, the data also indicates that 15% were of the view that, industrial pollution leads to high mortality rates in these areas, this is because the dust release from the activities of Benue Cement Company affects the respiratory tract of the people living in this areas thereby causing death to occur. Only 5% of the respondents who do not notice any impact of industrial pollution and 2% the least do not know at all. By implication, the industrial pollution has negative impact on the social lives of the people residing within Benue Cement Industry as majority of the respondents confirmed its impact from the table above. Table 8: Respondents Opinion of the Impact of Industrial Pollution from Benue Cement Industry on the Economic Life of the Community Residents. Responses No. of Respondents Percentage (%) Poor yield/Harvest 36 33 Retards Development 14 13 Contamination of water sources 25 23 Reduces visibility 19 17 No impact 9 8 Don’t Know 7 6 Total 110 100 Source: Fieldwork, 2013. It is indicated in the table above that, industrial pollution has tremendous adverse effect on the economic lives of the people around Benue Cement Industry as majority 33% (36) of the respondents attested to the impact of industrial pollution as the course of poor yield/harvest. This is because the dust release from Benue Cement Company covers the plants, thereby, affecting the role of sunlight on the crops for the interplay of chlorophyll to react on the crops, this affect the high yield of crops. The data also revealed that 13% (14) of the respondents were of view that, industrial pollution retards development, by carrying out immunization programmes within these areas affected, and sensitization of the people in these areas on the dangers of pollution, all these are cost effective. Since the resources that would have been used to develop the society, is been diverted to battle environmental problems. Through carrying out research in order initiate/bring possible solutions to these environmental problems. Another percentage precisely 23% (25) said industrial pollution leads to contamination of water sources. However, 17% (19) opined that, industrial pollution reduce visibility which sometimes causes accidents both on the road and in air, it also affect ones sight. Nevertheless, 8% (9) of the respondents do not notice any economic impact of industrial pollution and 6% (7) do not know at all. Table 9: Respondents Opinion on the Organization Treatment of Those Affected by Industrial Pollution Related Disease in the Host Communities. Responses No. of Respondents Percentage (%) Compensate them 30 27 Sent them to hospital 14 13 Does nothing 53 48 Don’t know 13 12 Total 110 100 Source: Fieldwork, 2013 The illustration in the above table have majority of them respondents 48% (53) who express dismay through the administered questionnaire about how the organization treat people that are affected with industrial pollution related disease and sickness. They hold that, victims of such circumstances are neglected as according to the data above, nothing is done by organization. 27% (30) however indicated that, compensation in monetary and scholarship form is made available on yearly basis and at least 13% (14) admitted being sent to hospital. The implication here is that, even though the organization has a clinic, their medical services are offered to those who can only afford to pay the bills as they are exorbitant. This is a clear indication that, the organization lacks adequate medical attention for the people of the host communities. 4.4 Discussion of Findings. The major objective of this study is to assess the socio-economic consequences of industrials pollution on the host communities, as well as suggest possible ways of solving this problem. The data was collected, presented and analyzed in line with the above objectives. The demographic data of the respondent’s shows that majority of the sampled population aged 26-45 years representing 41% participated more in the research. However, other age category of respondents between 18-25 years and 46 years and above equally participated in the research. Over 62% of the respondents have make people within the age bracket of 26-45 years are strong energetic and vibrant in any sector of the economy and in the case of this study they are those who engage more in the agriculture production. It’s found in the study that an agriculture based economy like the three communities (Yandev,Tse-Kucha and TseAmua) need these category of people to properly harness its endowed resources. The educational attainment of respondents reveals that 45% (49) out of the 110 sampled populations attain secondary school or education. This means the sampled respondents had low level of education. It is also shown from the study that, the respondents have lived in those areas 16 years and above. A duration adequate for one to be able to understand the terrain of the place he or she stays and in this case, the people were able to understand the problem of Benue cement industrials population has cause them both socially and economically. Industrials population therefore has negative impact on the social life of the people in the host communities. In table 7, 25% (28) of the respondents attest to fact that, industrial population causes unhygienic conditions to the environment by emitting dust and other bye-product like smoke which create an in conducive environment for a living. Other social consequences of industrial pollution includes, migration of the residents where these industries are sited to distance lands, which leads to overcrowding, congestion and poor housing conditions also unemployment trend. The study further reveals that, industrials pollution lead to disease infections, this is also an event in table 7 in this study. On the level of economic consequences of industrials pollution in Benue Cement Company, Industrials pollution has negative impact on the economics life of the residents. This includes the disposition of social waste on land and it makes it coarse and non-arable thereby difficult and not suitable for agricultural purposes. In table 8, 33% (36) of the respondents attest to having recorded poor yield/harvest of farm output as a result of the abuse of soil by industrial pollution. Other impacts of industrial pollution on the economic life of the people within Benue Cement Industry is that it retards development, it also contaminate the source of water which make life unbearable and it affects portable drinking water and swimming activities in the area, the industrial pollution according to the study reduces visibility of the respondents since the dust emitted from the factory affects the atmospheric condition of the area, thereby affecting the health of the people. The respondents submit that the development is unhealthy and subjects them to series of health problems, especially in respiratory diseases. The respondents confirm to have suffered or have at least one of their family members suffered from the respiratory tract diseases alongside other pollution related ailments to the negligence of the organization. CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Introduction This study was initiated to take into consideration the assessment of socio-economic consequences of industrial pollution on the host communities in Gboko Local Government Area. In order to arrive at the examination of the study, the research has been divided and organized into five chapters. 5.2 Summary The first chapter dealt with background to the study, it tries also to present a coherent statement of problems of the study as well as its objectives research question, significance of terms. In chapter two literature review and theoretical framework was reviewed. Here the concept of industrial pollution was examined, incidences of industrial pollution were reviewed, the social and economic consequences were also adequately reviewed as well as efforts at pollution control by the Federal and Benue State Government was also reviewed. Two sociological theories were used which include the theory of imperialism and the dependency theory. However, the dependency theory was selected as theoretical frame work for the study. In chapter three, the study methodology which include method of data collection, the method of data analysis as well as the sample procedure were stated. The method of questionnaire and interview were adopted for the collection of data while information collected was presented in a questionnaire form with the use of simple percentage and frequency tables. The fourth chapter of the research deal with the presentation and analysis of the data collected, which were based on respondents from the designed instrument of questionnaire. 5.3 Conclusion Based on the findings, the following conclusion can be drawn that, industrial pollution from Benue Cement Industry is the major factor affecting the socio-economic development of the people in Yandev, Tse-Kucha and Tse-Amua Communities. This industrial pollution also affects the health behaviour of the people residing in these areas. The objective of the study was to assess the socio-economic consequences of industrial pollution on the host Communities, the increase of Industrial Pollution in the area despite the effort made by the Federal and Benue State Government in controlling the industrial pollution. Findings in the study revealed that our objective of assessing the impact of industrial pollution on the social and economic lives of the host communities has been realized. The findings show that the industrial pollution, impact negatively on the lives of the people in the host communities, as this goes a long way in thwarting their social and economic development. Therefore, in order to arrive and solve these problems, the study has emerged with the following recommendations. 5.4 Recommendations The knowledge of the existence of industrial pollution in the communities of Yandev, Tse-Kucha and Tse-Amua is a reality, thus its socio-economic impact can also not be undermined. Based on the findings, the following recommendations could be made in respect to the theoretical framework adopted. The government should ensure strict compliance to the policies regulating the disposal of waste by industries and penalties to be imposed on violations. Also, laws of compensations or compulsory treatment of both works and residents who will be affected by industrial pollution related diseases. Furthermore, the hygienic treatment of all disposable chemicals of all forms must be made a matter of necessity. All chemicals, oils, before discharge should be treated in their treatment plant before discharge; treated water can also be recycled for use. Toxic magneting devices should be fixed to the dust or fume exhaust pipe to reduce release of dust to the air. Scholarships by the organizations should be made available to indigenes to enable them educate themselves enough to gain employments in such organizations in order for them to take care of themselves. Loans and agricultural inputs showed at all times are provided to farmers to boost their agricultural productivity. It is believed that, with these recommendations industrial pollution from Benue Cement Industry would have a lesser impact on the people of Yandev, Tse-Kucha and Tse-Amua as well as other areas if implemented.   REFERENCES Agnera, C. J. (1982) Environmental Pollution Hazards.University of Ibadan Conference Paper on Health Matters. Ajene (2007) The Perils of Environmental Pollution. A seminar paper presentation at Abuja on health issues. Babs Fan fuwa A. (1980) History of Education in Nigeria, George Allen and Unwin Ltd, 40 Museum State, London. Bery,B.J.L (1974) Urban Environment Management Planning for Pollution Control. Chadwick, Frank (1999) Pollution and Climate. Blackwell Publishing Ltd UK. Chivers, P. (1973) Industrialization in the 21st Century.Cox and Wyman Publishers Ltd London. Clayton, K. M etal. (1968) Pollution Abatement New Abbot Devon, Great Britain. Davies, Watson (1973) Pollution Abatement Fletcher and Sons Ltd Norwich, Great Britain. Effiong, R. (1980) Man in his Environment Green Dolphins Press, 2nd Avenue Domka Estate, Rivers State Port-Harcourt. Glasson, J. etal (1994). Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment. University College, London Press Ltd. Haralambos and Hortbon (2000) Sociology: Themes and Perspectives. (5th Ed) Harper Collins London. Hobson (1965) Environmental threats to man, Longman Group, Burnt mill, Harlow England. Hornby, A. S. (2001) Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary. Martin,Holygate (1977) Environmental Issue Report. The Gresham Press, Great Britain. Norman, J. etal (1975) Trends of Statistical and Levels of Measurements University Press London. Umoh, J. U et al (2002) Environmental Degradation: Human and Health Implication. A.B.C Zaria Conference Paper on Health Implications. Whemeir, Karl (2002) Population Resource Environment. Freeman and Company Press, U.S.A. APPENDIX QUESTIONNAIRE SECTION A: DEMOGRAPHIC DATA 1. Age: 18 – 25 [ ] 26 – 45 [ ] 46 and above [ ] 2. Sex: Male [ ] Female [ ] 3. Marital Status: [ ] Married [ ] Divorced [ ] Widowed [ ] 4. Educational Qualification: Primary Education [ ] Secondary [ ] Tertiary [ ] Informal [ ] 5. Occupation: Farmer[ ] Civil Servant[ ] Businessman/Woman[] 6. Religion: Christianity [ ] Islam [ ] Traditional [ ] Others specify ……………………………………………………………. 7. Duration lived in the community: 1-5 years[ ] 6 – 10 years [ ] 11 – 15 years [ ] 16 and above [ ] 8. Ethnicity: Tiv [ ] Idoma [ ] Etulo [ ] Others specify …………………………………………………………………………………. SECTION B: General questions on socio-economic consequences of industrial pollution in Gboko Local Government Area. 9. Do you experience industrial pollution in the community? Yes [ ] No [ ] 10. What type (s) of pollution do you experience from Benue cement industry? a) Air pollution [ ] b) Industrial waste [ ] c) Water [ ] d) Refuse/toxic dumps on land and water[ ] e) Both A, B and C[ ] 11. How often do you experience the Benue Cement Industrial pollution in your community? a) Regular [ ] b) Very regular [ ] c) Occasionally [ ] d) Don’t know [ ] 12. What effects does Benue Cement industrial pollution have on agricultural productivity in your community? ............................................................................................. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 13. What is the impact of industrial pollution on your health? …………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………… 14. How does industrial pollution from Benue Cement affects the social life of the community? …………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 15. What diseases do you find common among residents of the community as a result of Benue Cement industrial pollution? a) Respiratory problem(s) [ ] b) Eye problem (s) [ ] c) Tuberculosis [ ] d) Diarrhea/Typhoid [ ] e) None [ ] 16. What measures has the Benue Cement Organization in conjunction with the Benue State Government applied to improve the conditions of the community at large? ………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………… 17. In your opinion what should the Benue Cement Organization do to improve the socio-economic conditions of the host community?…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 18. Suggest possible ways of helping the host communities on the effects of industrial pollution on their socio-economic activities. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………